Mordellidae

Common name
Tumbling flower beetles
Number of species
17
Size Range
2-9mm
Tarsal formula
5-5-4
Description

The 2012 checklist gives 17 British species of Mordellidae, but this is a taxonomically-confused group, with several recent descriptions and synonomisations from the British fauna.  As a group they are distinctive: oval-elongate, pubescent brown or black beetles, 2-9mm long, with an extended, elongate pygidium reminiscent of a sting.  Adults are characteristically found curled in a c-shape on flowers, where they feed on pollen.  When disturbed, their general escape mechanism is to skip about and tumble from the flowers, hence their vernacular name.

Melandryidae

Common name
False darkling beetles
Number of species
17
Size Range
3-15mm
Tarsal formula
4-4-4
5-5-4
Lobed or not
Description

17 species of small to medium-sized (3-16mm), oval to elongate-oval beetles, found in association with fungi and fungoid bark, particularly in ancient woodland.  Generally black or brown in colour, some are brightly coloured or patterned: Conopalpus testaceus (Olivier) has a bright orange pronotum while Osphya bipunctata (Fabricius) have a red and black striped pronotum and legs.  All the British species are rare, and all but Orchesia undulata Kraatz have conservation designations. 

Tetratomidae

Common name
Polypore fungus beetles
Number of species
4
Size Range
3-4mm
Tarsal formula
5-5-4
Description

A family with four British representatives, all 3-4mm species found in association with decaying fungi, on which they feed.  One species (Hallomenus binotatus (Quensel)) has recently been transferred to Tetratomidae from the Melyridae.

Ciidae

Common name
Minute tree fungus beetles
Number of species
22
Size Range
1-3mm
Tarsal formula
3-3-3
4-4-4
Description

A family of 22 small (1-3mm) nondescript brown or black beetles in Britain, strongly associated with fungi and very rarely found away fungoid situations.  Most species are associated with particular genera of bracket fungi, particularly Trametes, Ganoderma, Piptoporus, Fomes and Stereum spp., and can be abundant within them.  Several species are scarce (e.g. Cis dentatus Mellie and Cis jacquemarti Mellie) but many others are widespread and can be common, including the non-native Cis bilamellatus Wood, an Australian species first found in Britain at Kew Gardens. 

Mycetophagidae

Common name
Hairy fungus beetles
Number of species
15
Size Range
1-2mm
Tarsal formula
4-4-4
Description

Generally small (1-6mm) beetles, there are 15 species on the British list.  They are usually associated with fungi and are consequently found in rotting wood and decaying plant material.  Generally parallel-sided elongate-oval in shape, the hind margin of the flight wings is fringed with a series of long hairs.  Generally brown or black in colour.

Latridiidae

Common name
Minute brown scavenger beetles
Number of species
56
Size Range
1-3mm
Tarsal formula
3-3-3
Description

Small to very small beetles (1-3mm), there are 56 species in Britain.  Generally brown to reddish-brown, they have a rather characteristic appearance, with an angular pronotum and a rather fat-bottomed appearance as the striate elytra bulge out towards the apices.  They are found in a diverse range of habitats including compost heaps and leaf litter, fungoid bark, rotting fungi, mature Myxomycetes, and indoors in mouldy areas of plaster, wallpaper, wood, etc.  Dissection is required to reliably identify many species.

Corylophidae

Number of species
11
Size Range
1-1mm
Tarsal formula
3-3-3
4-4-4
Description

This family of minute (0.5-1.3mm) beetles has 11 species on the 2012 checklist, but a twelfth species (Arthrolips obscura (Sahlberg)) was added in 2013 by Tony Allen and Andrew Duff.  Similar in appearance to the inconspicuous coccinellids, they are mould-feeders and are usually found under fungoid bark or in piles of rotting wood or vegetation, though Orthoperus atomarus (Heer) is synanthropic, occurring in wine cellars on mouldy corks.  Most species are southern in distribution, and identification relies heavily on the elytral microsculpture and genitalia dissections.

Coccinellidae

Common name
Ladybirds
Number of species
53
Size Range
1-9mm
Tarsal formula
3-3-3
Lobed
Description

A very distinctive family, with 53 species listed as British on the 2012 checklist.  However, this includes two species introduced as biocontrol agents in greenhouses with occasional short-lived colonies outside (Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), Cryptolaemus montrouzeri Mulsant) and five species which are thought to be either now extinct in Britain (Vibidia duodecimguttata (Poda), Nephus bisignatus (Boheman)) or occasional adventives (Coccinula quattuordecimpustulata (L.), Scymnus jakowlewi Weise, Scymnus rubromaculatus (Goeze)).  Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (L.) is another species which was thought to be extinct in Britain, but small numbers of immigrant individuals have been seen scattered along the south coast of England since 2000, culminating in a larva and four adults found in Devon in 2011.  Several other species are regularly imported on produce, particularly grapes.

The family is generally divided into two groups, mainly on size: the ladybirds (subfamilies Chilocorinae, Coccinellinae and Epilachninae) which are longer than 3mm and mostly smooth, hairless, brightly-coloured hemispherical beetles with contrasting patterns of spots or stripes, and the inconspicuous coccinellids (subfamily Coccidulinae, plus Platynaspis luteorubra (Goeze) (Epilachninae)), which are 1-3mm long and generally hairy and dull black or red-brown in colour, usually without clear spots.  The short semi-clubbed antennae and triangular axe-shaped palps at once distinguish even these smaller species as ladybirds when examined, however.  Most species are predatory on smaller invertebrates, particularly aphids but some specialise in eating scale insects (Chilocorus spp. and Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.)), mildew (Halyzia sedecimguttata (L.)), vegetation (Henosepilachna argus (Geoffory in Fourcroy) and Subcoccinella vigintiquattuorpunctata (L.)), and mites (Stethorus punctillum (Weise)).

The family includes several species which are relatively recent arrivals in Britain.  The most famous of these is undoubtedly the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), a habitat and dietary generalist released as a biocontrol agent which became established in 2004, but Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell), Rhyzobius chrysomeloides (Herbst) and H. argus have all also become established in Britain since 1997. Many Coccinellidae appear to be climate-restricted in Britain and ongoing climate change may well favour the establishment of more European species in the near future.

Endomychidae

Common name
Handsome fungus beetles
Number of species
8
Size Range
2-6mm
Tarsal formula
3-3-3
4-4-4
Lobed or not
Description

A small family, with eight British species, oval to elongate-oval in shape and between 2 and 6mm long.  Five of the species found in Britain are small and brown but the three larger species are more brightly coloured. These three include the false ladybird, Endomychus coccineus (L.), which resembles a ladybird (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in shape and colouration.  Mycetaea subterranea (Fabricius) can be a minor pest in grain stores but the family are mostly found in association with fungi, including within puffball (Lycoperdon spp.) and earthstar (Geoastrum spp.) fungi (Lycoperdina spp.), beneath fungoid bark and in leaf litter.

Alexiidae

Number of species
1
Size Range
1-2mm
Tarsal formula
4-4-4
Description

The sole British representative of this family, Sphaerosoma piliferum (Müller) is a tiny species, around 1.3mm long.  Red-brown in colour, with yellow pubescence, it is largely hemispherical in shape and rather similar in appearance to the smaller ladybird species, though it can be distinguished by the longer, clubbed antennae. It is a fungivore and is often found in leaf litter or decaying wood.