Status: Widespread and common
Habitat: Various
Host plant: Willows, possibly also poplars, rarely on birches.
Overwintering: As adults under bark, in lesions on coppice shoots, in stems of Typha spp and in rubble.
Food: Adults on the underside of leaves; larvae also under leaves where they remove the epidermis - in large numbers can cause defoliation of willows.
Other notes: Parasitised by tachinid flies Meigenia floralis (as beetle larvae) and Medina separata (as adults); adults also parasitised by a nematode (Mermis sp.). Larvae predated by wasps (Vespidae: Eumeninae) Symmorphus bifasciatus and Ancistrocerus sp. Adults and larvae predated by the pentatomid shieldbug Rhacognathus punctatus; eggs and larvae predated by larvae of a hoverfly (Parasyrphus sp.) in continental Europe.

Status: Widespread in England, scattered in Wales, old records from Ireland, not recorded from Sotland.
Habitat: Various
Host plant: Many wild and cultivated Brassicaceae
Overwintering: As adults in grass refuse and at grass roots.
Food: Adults on leaves, larvae at roots.
Other notes: Adults parasitised by braconid wasps Perilitus areolatus & P. bicolor, microsporidian Nosema phyllotretae, and nematodes Howardula phyllotretae & Mermis sp. Adults predated by swifts (Apus apus). Separated from P. diademata & P. punctulata by head punctures and aedeagus.

Status: Widespread but not common
Habitat: Various damp, mainly open, habitats
Host plant: Skullcaps Scutellaria spp.
Overwintering: Usually as eggs and prepupae, rarely as adults.
Food: Adults on leaves, larvae probably at roots

Status: Widespread and common
Habitat: Various
Host plant: Willows and poplars
Overwintering: As adults under bark, in dead wood and in wooden fenceposts etc.
Food: Adults on the underside of leaves; ;arvae gregarious, also on the underside of leaves from which they remove the epidermis - in large numbers they can make leaves appear brown and scorched.
Other notes: Parasitised by various hymenopterans, tachinid flies and nematodes. Predated by a wide range of invertebrate species in a number of major groups.

Status: Rare (RDB3), only found in northern and western Scotland; probably under-recorded.
Habitat: From 700-1100m altitude in Scottish mountains, associated with grassland on dolomitic outcrops where there is a thick covering of woolly fringe-moss (Racomitrium lanuginosum) through which dwarf willow (Salix herbacea) shoots protrude.
Host plant: Woolly fringe-moss (Racomitrium lanuginosum) and dwarf willow (Salix herbacea), sometimes on other willows and birches.
Overwintering: Probably as adults; in Iceland hibernation occurs in the pupal cell in the soil, but this is unconfirmed, and uncertain in Britain.
Food: Adults on leaves, larvae on the underside of leaves where they remove the epidermis.
Other notes: Adults parasitised by larvae of a tachinid fly, probably Medina luctuosa. Eggs and larvae predated by larvae of a hoverfly (Parasyrphus sp.) in continental Europe, and larvae predated by lycosid & thomisid spiders in Finland.

Status: Widespread, especially in southern and eastern England
Habitat: Various
Host plant: Mainly poplars, rarely willows, crab apple and elm
Overwintering: As adults under bark and in dead wood.
Food: Adults and larvae on the underside of poplar leaves (larvae feed gregariously, removing the epidermis)
Other notes: Larvae predated by wasps (Vespidae: Eumeninae) Symmorphus bifasciatus and Ancistrocerus sp. Adults and larvae predated by pentatomid shieldbugs Arma custos and Zicrona caerulea. In continental Europe, eggs and larvae predated by hoverfly (larva) Syrphus vitripennis. Parasitised by tachinid flies Meigenia mutabilis (on larvae) and Medina luctuosa (on adults). Adults also parasitised by larvae of a braconid wasp, probably Perilitus sp. In the Netherlands, adults parasitised by larvae of the trombidiid mite Leptus ignotus.